Moreover, the introduction of GAHT at increasing earlier ages may lead to changes in CV risk compared to current data. However, for transgender women, the risk of death from CVD is 3-fold higher than for ciswomen and cismen and has been associated with the use of ethinyl estradiol (EE) ( 2, 4). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death for transgender people undergoing GAHT, although suicide is still the leader of all-cause mortality ( 3). However, this therapy’s cardiovascular (CV) effects are difficult to evaluate because most of the studies are observational and can have a possible bias due to confounding factors such as comorbidities, variety of hormone regimens, smoking, alcohol abuse or HIV infection. Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) helps ameliorate gender dysphoria by changing the physical appearance in accordance with gender identity and expression and promote well-being ( 2). Transgender people represent about 0.6 – 1.1% of the general population, 0.7 and 1.1% of people assigned male at birth, and 0.6 and 0.8% of people assigned female at birth, as described in an European study of T’Sjoen et al. Furthermore, we review available data on changes in DNA methylation or RNA transcription induced by GAHT that may translate into changes in metabolic parameters that could increase CV risk. This review examines the impact of GAHT in the transgender population on CV outcomes and surrogate markers of CV health. In addition, the introduction of GAHT at increasingly earlier ages, even before the full development of the secondary sexual characteristics, could lead to long-term changes in CV risk compared to current data. Furthermore, these studies are mainly observational and difficult to interpret due to a variety of hormone regimens and observation periods, together with possible bias by confounding factors (comorbidities, estrogen types, smoking, alcohol abuse, HIV infection). However, these treatments’ cardiovascular (CV) effects are difficult to evaluate due to the limited number of extensive longitudinal studies focused on CV outcomes in this population. Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) helps ameliorate gender dysphoria and promote well-being. Transgender men and women represent about 0.6 -1.1%% of the general population. 4Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain.3Psychiatry Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.2Endocrinology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.1Group of Endocrine Disorders, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer- Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.Hanzu 1,2 Núria Seguí 2 Antonio Guillamon 4 Mireia Mora 1,2* Gloria Aranda 1 Irene Halperin 1,2 Esther Gomez-Gil 3 Felicia A.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |